amakuru

Umuhanga mu binyabuzima wa sintetike Tom knight yagize ati: "Ikinyejana cya 21 kizaba ikinyejana cya biologiya yubuhanga."Ni umwe mu bashinze ibinyabuzima bya sintetike akaba n'umwe mu batanu bashinze Ginkgo Bioworks, isosiyete y’inyenyeri muri biologiya ya sintetike.Isosiyete yashyizwe ku isoko ry’imigabane rya New York ku ya 18 Nzeri, agaciro kayo kageze kuri miliyari 15 z’amadolari y’Amerika.
Inyungu zubushakashatsi bwa Tom Knight zahindutse ziva kuri mudasobwa zijya muri biologiya.Kuva mu mashuri yisumbuye, yakoresheje ikiruhuko cy'impeshyi yiga mudasobwa na porogaramu muri MIT, hanyuma anakoresha impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza n'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza muri MIT.
Tom Knight Amaze kubona ko Amategeko ya Moore yahanuye imipaka yo gukoresha abantu kuri atome ya silicon, yitaye ku binyabuzima.“Dukeneye ubundi buryo bwo gushyira atome ahantu heza… Ni ubuhe buryo bukomeye bwa chimie?Nibinyabuzima.Ndatekereza ko ushobora gukoresha biomolecules, nka poroteyine, zishobora kwiteranya no guteranya murwego ukeneye.kristu. ”
Gukoresha injeniyeri yuzuye kandi yujuje ubuziranenge mugushushanya umwimerere wibinyabuzima byahindutse uburyo bushya bwubushakashatsi.Ibinyabuzima bya sintetike ni nko gusimbuka mubumenyi bwabantu.Nkumurima uhuriweho nubuhanga, siyanse ya mudasobwa, ibinyabuzima, nibindi, umwaka wo gutangira ibinyabuzima byogukora byashyizweho nk 2000.
Mu bushakashatsi bubiri bwasohotse muri uyu mwaka, igitekerezo cyo gushushanya umuzenguruko w’ibinyabuzima cyageze ku kugenzura imvugo ya gene.
Abahanga bo muri kaminuza ya Boston bubatse Gene toggle switch muri E. coli.Iyi moderi ikoresha gusa modules ebyiri.Mugutegeka ibitera hanze, imvugo ya gene irashobora gufungura cyangwa kuzimya.
Muri uwo mwaka, abahanga bo muri kaminuza ya Princeton bakoresheje modul eshatu kugira ngo bagere ku buryo bwa “oscillation” busohoka mu kimenyetso cy’umuzunguruko bakoresheje kubuza no kurekura ibibujijwe hagati yabo.

Igishushanyo mbonera cya Gene
Amahugurwa y'Akagari
Muri iyo nama, numvise abantu bavuga "inyama zubukorikori."
Ukurikije icyitegererezo cyinama ya mudasobwa, "inama idahwitse yateguwe" yo gutumanaho kubuntu, abantu bamwe banywa byeri bakaganira: Nibihe bicuruzwa byatsinze bihari muri "Synthetic Biology"?Umuntu yavuze "inyama zubukorikori" munsi y'ibiryo bidashoboka.
Ibiribwa bidashoboka ntabwo bigeze biyita "sintetike biologiya", ariko ingingo nyamukuru yo kugurisha itandukanya nibindi bicuruzwa byinyama-art-hemoglobine ituma inyama zikomoka ku bimera zihumura "inyama" ziva muri iyi sosiyete hashize imyaka 20.Bya disipuline igaragara.
Ikoranabuhanga ririmo ni ugukoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura gene kugirango umusemburo utange "hemoglobine."Gukoresha ijambo ryibinyabuzima byubukorikori, umusemburo uhinduka "uruganda rukora selile" rutanga ibintu ukurikije ibyifuzo byabantu.
Niki gituma inyama zitukura cyane kandi zifite impumuro idasanzwe iyo iryoshye?Ibiryo bidashoboka bifatwa nk '“hemoglobine” ikungahaye ku nyama.Hemoglobine iboneka mu biribwa bitandukanye, ariko ibiyirimo ni byinshi cyane mumitsi yinyamaswa.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, hemoglobine yatowe n’uwashinze uruganda akaba n’umuhanga mu binyabuzima witwa Patrick O. Brown nk '“icyerekezo cyingenzi” cyo kwigana inyama z’inyamaswa.Yakuye iyi "ibirungo" mu bimera, Brown yahisemo soya ikungahaye kuri hemoglobine mu mizi yabyo.
Uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gukora busaba gukuramo "hemoglobine" mu mizi ya soya.Ikiro kimwe cya “hemoglobine” gisaba hegitari 6 za soya.Gukuramo ibimera birazimvye, kandi Ibiryo bidashoboka byateje imbere uburyo bushya: shyiramo gene ishobora gukusanya hemoglobine mumusemburo, kandi uko umusemburo ukura kandi ukigana, hemoglobine izakura.Gukoresha ikigereranyo, ibi ni nko kureka ingagi itera amagi kurwego rwa mikorobe.

Heme, ikurwa mu bimera, ikoreshwa muri burger “inyama z'ubukorikori”
Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryongera umusaruro mugihe rigabanya umutungo kamere ukoreshwa mugutera.Kubera ko ibikoresho nyamukuru bitanga umusaruro ari umusemburo, isukari, namabuye y'agaciro, nta myanda myinshi ihari.Kubitekerezaho, mubyukuri ni tekinoroji "ituma ejo hazaza heza".
Iyo abantu bavuga kuri tekinoroji, ndumva ko arubuhanga bworoshye.Mu maso yabo, hari ibikoresho byinshi cyane bishobora gukorwa kuva kurwego rwa genetike murubu buryo.Plastike yononekaye, ibirungo, imiti mishya ninkingo, imiti yica udukoko twangiza indwara zihariye, ndetse no gukoresha dioxyde de carbone muguhuza ibinyamisogwe… Natangiye kugira ibitekerezo bifatika byerekeranye nibishoboka bizanwa na tekinoloji.
Soma, wandike, kandi uhindure gen
ADN itwara amakuru yose yubuzima kuva isoko, kandi nayo soko yimico ibihumbi.
Muri iki gihe, abantu barashobora gusoma byoroshye urutonde rwa ADN kandi bagahuza urutonde rwa ADN ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera.Muri iyo nama, numvise abantu bavuga ibijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR ryatsindiye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri Chimie 2020.Ubu buhanga bwiswe "Genetic Magic Scissor", burashobora kumenya neza no guca ADN, bityo bikamenya guhindura gen.
Ukurikije ubu buryo bwo guhindura gene, ibigo byinshi byo gutangiza byagaragaye.Bamwe barayikoresha mugukemura gene yubuvuzi bwindwara zitoroshye nka kanseri nindwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzima fatizo, abandi bakayikoresha mu guhinga ingingo zo guhinduranya abantu no kumenya indwara.
Tekinoroji yo guhindura gene yinjiye mubikorwa byubucuruzi kuburyo abantu babona amahirwe akomeye ya biotechnologiya.Ukurikije ibitekerezo byiterambere byiterambere rya biotechnologie ubwayo, nyuma yo gusoma, synthesis, no guhindura urutonde rwimiterere ikuze, icyiciro gikurikiraho gisanzwe gishushanya kuva kurwego rwa genetike kugirango gitange ibikoresho bihuye nibyo abantu bakeneye.Ikoranabuhanga rya biologiya ya sintetike irashobora kandi kumvikana nkicyiciro gikurikira mugutezimbere tekinoroji.
Abahanga babiri Emmanuelle Charpentier na Jennifer A. Doudna kandi batsindiye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel cya 2020 muri chimie kubera ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR
“Abantu benshi bahangayikishijwe no gusobanura ibinyabuzima bya sintetike… Ubu bwoko bwo kugongana bwabaye hagati y’ubuhanga n’ibinyabuzima.Ndatekereza ko ikintu cyose cyaturutse kuri ibi cyatangiye kwitwa ibinyabuzima ngengabuzima. ”Tom Knight ati.
Kwagura igihe, kuva societe yubuhinzi yatangira, abantu basuzumye kandi bagumana imiterere yinyamanswa n’ibimera bifuza binyuze mu bworozi-bworozi-mwimerere no guhitamo.Ibinyabuzima bya sintetike bitangirira kurwego rwa genetike kugirango bitange imico abantu bashaka.Kuri ubu, abahanga bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR mu guhinga umuceri muri laboratoire.
Umwe mu bateguye iyi nama, uwashinze Qiji, Lu Qi, kuri videwo itangiza yavuze ko ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima rishobora kuzana impinduka nini ku isi kimwe n’ikoranabuhanga rya mbere rya interineti.Ibi bisa nkaho byemeza ko abayobozi ba interineti bose bagaragaje ko bashishikajwe nubumenyi bwubuzima igihe beguye.
Abakoresha interineti bose barimo kwitondera.Ese ubucuruzi bwubuzima bwa siyanse buraza?
Tom Knight (ubanza uhereye ibumoso) nabandi bane bashinze Ginkgo Bioworks |Ginkgo Bioworks
Mu gihe cya saa sita, numvise amakuru: Unilever yavuze ku ya 2 Nzeri ko izashora miliyari imwe y'amayero kugira ngo ikureho ibicanwa biva mu bicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza mu 2030.
Mu myaka 10, ibikoresho byo kumesa, ifu yo kumesa, nibisabune byakozwe na Procter & Gamble bizagenda buhoro buhoro bikoresha ibikoresho bibisi cyangwa tekinoroji yo gufata karubone.Isosiyete kandi yashyizeho andi miliyari imwe y’amayero yo gushyiraho ikigega cyo gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima, dioxyde de carbone n’ubundi buryo bwo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Abantu bambwiye aya makuru, nkanjye numvise ayo makuru, batunguwe gato mugihe ntarengwa cyimyaka 10: Ese ubushakashatsi bwikoranabuhanga niterambere ryiterambere rusange bizagerwaho vuba vuba?
Ariko ndizera ko bizasohora.